corruption
The World Bank (1997) defines corruption as the "use of public office for private gain". The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD) considers corruption as "the abuse of a public or private office for personal gain" and the non-governmental organization (NGO) Transparency International (TI) defines it as "the abuse of entrusted power for private gain". The reference to "private office" and "entrusted power", as opposed to just "public office" or "public power", represent important advances because they cover types of corruption that do not exclusively involve politicians, bureaucrats or public power. In contrast, UNCAC does not define corruption as such. It rather defines specific acts of corruption, such as bribery in the public and private sectors, embezzlement in the public and private sectors, trading in influence, abuse of functions, illicit enrichment, money-laundering, concealment, obstruction of justice, and urges States parties to criminalize these acts in their jurisdictions.
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